Informational Record

Recognizing the differences between hypothermia and frostbite is essential. Hypothermia is a serious medical issue that requires emergency intervention, whereas frostbite, which results from freezing, should be addressed by a healthcare provider but generally does not require urgent action. However, severe frostbite can result in amputation. Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can generate it, and it can happen even in mild conditions (around 50°F) if a person is chilled due to rain, sweat, or immersion in cold water. Symptoms include shivering, extreme fatigue, confusion, clumsiness, memory loss, and slurred speech, making it particularly hazardous since individuals may not realize it is happening. A body temperature below 95°F is an emergency that demands immediate medical assistance. If help is not readily available, move the person to a warm environment, remove wet clothing, and warm the core areas first (chest, neck, head, and groin) through skin-to-skin contact under dry layers, blankets, or sheets, while seeking medical help as soon as possible. Warm drinks can be offered, but avoid alcohol and do not provide beverages to someone who is unconscious. Vulnerable groups include older adults lacking adequate food, clothing, or heating, infants in cold rooms, individuals using alcohol or drugs, the homeless, and those who spend extended periods outdoors in cold weather. For frostbite, symptoms consist of numbness, skin that appears white or grayish-yellow, and firm or waxy texture, primarily affecting the nose, ears, cheeks, chin, fingers, or toes. If redness or pain is observed, it is crucial to leave the cold environment or shield exposed skin, as frostbite may be starting. Prevention tips include wearing multiple layers of loose clothing, especially a hat, ensuring the outer layer is tightly woven and preferably wind-resistant, and choosing wool, silk, or polypropylene for inner layers to retain heat better than cotton. Do not disregard shivering, as it is a key early sign of heat loss. Staying dry is vital, as wet clothing cools the body quickly. Regularly move to warm locations and engage in physical activity to raise body temperature. Alcohol should be avoided, as it accelerates heat loss. More information can be found in the hypothermia and frostbite fact sheets.